Valentine's Day情人节

Valentine's Day情人节
1909 Valentine's card 1909年情人卡
Also called也被称为	Saint Valentine's Day or the Feast of Saint Valentine圣瓦伦丁节或圣瓦伦丁节
Observed by由观察	People in many countries;许多国家的人; Anglican Communion (see calendar ) 英国圣公会 （见日历 ） Lutheran Church (see calendar ) 路德教会 （见日历 ）
Type类型	Christian , cultural, commercial 基督教 ，文化，商业
Significance意义	Feast day of Saint Valentine ; 圣瓦伦丁的 节日 ; the celebration of love and affection 爱和感情的庆祝
Observances纪念活动	Sending greeting cards and gifts, dating, church services发送贺卡和礼物，约会，教堂服务
Date日期	February 14 2月14日 (fixed by the Western Christian Church ) （由西方基督教会修订 ） July 6 7月6日 (fixed by the Eastern Orthodox Church ) （由东正教会修订 ） July 30 7月30日 (fixed by the Eastern Orthodox Church ) （由东正教会修订 ）
Frequency频率	annual全年

Part of a series on 系列文章的一部分
Love 爱
Types of love爱的类型 Affection 感情 Bonding 粘接 Broken heart 破碎的心 Compassionate love 富有同情心的爱情 Conjugal love 恩爱 Courtly love 宫廷爱情 courtship 求爱 troubadours 吟游诗人 Falling in love 坠入爱河 Free love 自由恋爱 Friendship 友谊 romantic 浪漫 Interpersonal relationship 人际关系 Intimacy 亲密关系 Limerence Limerence Love addiction 爱上瘾 Love at first sight 一见钟情 Love triangle 三角恋 Lovesickness 相思 Lovestruck 爱来袭 Obsessive love 痴迷爱情 Passion 情 Platonic love 柏拉图式的爱情 Puppy love 小狗的爱 Relationship 关系 Romance 浪漫 Self-love 自爱 Amour de soi Amour de soi Unconditional love 无条件的爱 Unrequited love 单相思
Cultural views文化观点 Chinese中文 Ren 仁 Greek 希腊语 words for love 爱的话语 Agape 爱德 Eros 性爱 Philia 菲利亚 Storge STORGE Xenia 森雅 Indian 印度人 Kama 卡马 Bhakti 巴克蒂 Mettā 慈悲 Islamic清真 Ishq 以及ISHq Jewish 犹太 Chesed Chesed Latin拉丁 Amore 爱茉莉 Charity 慈善机构
Related subjects相关科目 Biological basis 生物学基础 Love letter 爱情信 Valentine's Day 情人节 Philosophy 哲学 Religious views 宗教观
v v t Ť e Ë

Valentine's Day , also called Saint Valentine's Day or the Feast of Saint Valentine , ^[1] is celebrated annually on February 14. Originating as a Western Christian feast day honoring one or two early saints named Valentinus , Valentine's Day is recognized as a significant cultural, religious, and commercial celebration of romance and romantic love in many regions around the world, although it is not a public holiday in any country. 情人节 ，也被称为圣瓦伦丁节或圣瓦伦丁节 ， ^[1]每年2月14日庆祝。作为一个西方 基督徒 节日庆祝一两个早期圣徒 Valentinus ，情人节被认为是一个重要的文化，尽管在任何国家都不是公共假期，但在世界许多地区都有宗教和浪漫爱情的商业庆祝活动。

Martyrdom stories associated with various Valentines connected to February 14 are presented in martyrologies , ^[2] including a written account of Saint Valentine of Rome imprisonment for performing weddings for soldiers, who were forbidden to marry and for ministering to Christians persecuted under the Roman Empire .与2月14日相关的各种情人节相关的殉难故事以殉道的方式呈现， ^[2]其中包括罗马圣瓦伦丁的书面记录，其中包括为士兵举行婚礼，禁止结婚以及为在罗马帝国下遭受迫害的基督徒服务。 ^[3] According to legend , during his imprisonment Saint Valentine restored sight to the blind daughter of his judge, ^[4] and before his execution he wrote her a letter signed "Your Valentine" as a farewell. ^[3]根据传说 ，圣瓦伦丁在监禁期间恢复了对他法官的盲女的看法， ^[4]在他被处决之前，他给她写了一封签名为“你的情人”作为告别的信。 ^{[5] [5]}

The day first became associated with romantic love within the circle of Geoffrey Chaucer in the 14th century, when the tradition of courtly love flourished.这一天首次与14世纪Geoffrey Chaucer圈内的浪漫爱情联系在一起，当时宫廷爱情的传统蓬勃发展。 In 18th-century England, it evolved into an occasion in which lovers expressed their love for each other by presenting flowers, offering confectionery , and sending greeting cards (known as " valentines ").在18世纪的英格兰，它演变成一个场合，在这个场合， 爱人通过展示鲜花，提供糖果和发送贺卡 （称为“ 情人节 ”）表达了对彼此的爱。 Valentine's Day symbols that are used today include the heart-shaped outline, doves, and the figure of the winged Cupid .今天使用的情人节符号包括心形轮廓，鸽子和有翼丘比特的形象。 Since the 19th century, handwritten valentines have given way to mass-produced greeting cards.自19世纪以来，手写的情人节已经让位于大规模生产的贺卡。 ^[6] In Europe, Saint Valentine's Keys are given to lovers "as a romantic symbol and an invitation to unlock the giver's heart", as well as to children, in order to ward off epilepsy (called Saint Valentine's Malady). ^[6]在欧洲， 圣瓦伦丁的钥匙被赋予恋人“作为一个浪漫的象征和邀请解开送礼者的心脏”，以及儿童，以抵御癫痫 （称为圣瓦伦丁的马拉迪）。 ^{[7] [7]}

Saint Valentine's Day is an official feast day in the Anglican Communion ^[8] and the Lutheran Church .圣瓦伦丁节是英国国教圣餐 ^[8]和路德教会的正式节日 。 ^[9] Many parts of the Eastern Orthodox Church also celebrate Saint Valentine's Day, albeit on July 6 and July 30 , the former date in honor of the Roman presbyter Saint Valentine, and the latter date in honor of Hieromartyr Valentine, the Bishop of Interamna (modern Terni ). ^[9] 东正教会的许多地方也庆祝圣瓦伦丁节，虽然是在7月6日和7月30日 ，前日期是为纪念罗马长老圣瓦伦丁，后者是为了纪念因特拉姆纳主教Hieromartyr Valentine （现代特尔尼 ）。 ^{[10] [10]}

Saint Valentine 圣瓦伦丁

History 历史

Shrine of St. Valentine in Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church in Dublin, Ireland圣华伦泰寺庙在Whitefriar街道卡默利特平纹薄呢教会里在都伯林，爱尔兰

Numerous early Christian martyrs were named Valentine .许多早期的基督教烈士被命名为瓦伦丁 。 ^[11] The Valentines honored on February 14 are Valentine of Rome ( Valentinus presb. m. Romae ) and Valentine of Terni ( Valentinus ep. Interamnensis m. Romae ). ^[11] 2月14日荣获的情人节礼物是罗马情人节 （ Valentinus presb.m.Romae ）和瓦伦丁情人节（ Valentinus ep.Interamnensis m.Romae ）。 ^[12] Valentine of Rome was a priest in Rome who was martyred in 269 and was added to the calendar of saints by Pope Galesius in 496 and was buried on the Via Flaminia . ^[12] 罗马的情人是罗马的一名牧师，他于269年殉难，并于496年被教皇盖尔修斯加入圣徒日历，并被埋葬在弗拉米尼亚大街上 。 The relics of Saint Valentine were kept in the Church and Catacombs of San Valentino in Rome, which "remained an important pilgrim site throughout the Middle Ages until the relics of St. Valentine were transferred to the church of Santa Prassede during the pontificate of Nicholas IV ".圣瓦伦丁的遗物保存在罗马圣瓦伦蒂诺的教堂和地下墓穴中 ，“在整个中世纪仍然是一个重要的朝圣地点，直到圣瓦伦丁的遗物在尼古拉斯四世的教皇期间被转移到圣帕拉塞德教堂。 ”。 ^{[13] [14]} The flower-crowned skull of Saint Valentine is exhibited in the Basilica of Santa Maria in Cosmedin , Rome. ^{[13] [14]}圣瓦伦丁的花冠头骨在罗马的Cosmedin的圣玛丽亚大教堂展出。 Other relics are found at Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church in Dublin, Ireland.其他遗物在爱尔兰都柏林的Whitefriar Street Carmelite教堂发现。 ^{[15] [15]}

Valentine of Terni became bishop of Interamna and is said to have been martyred during the persecution under Emperor Aurelian in 273. He is buried on the Via Flaminia, but in a different location from Valentine of Rome. Terni的情人成为了Interamna的主教，据说他在273年在Aurelian皇帝的迫害期间殉难。他被埋葬在Via Flaminia，但与罗马的情人节不同。 His relics are at the Basilica of Saint Valentine in Terni ( Basilica di San Valentino ).他的遗物位于特尔尼圣巴伦西亚大教堂 （ Basilica di San Valentino ）。 Jack B. Oruch states that "abstracts of the acts of the two saints were in nearly every church and monastery of Europe." Jack B. Oruch表示，“两位圣徒的行为摘要几乎遍及欧洲的每个教堂和修道院。” ^[16] The Catholic Encyclopedia also speaks of a third saint named Valentine who was mentioned in early martyrologies under date of February 14. He was martyred in Africa with a number of companions, but nothing more is known about him. ^[16] 天主教百科全书还谈到了一个名叫瓦伦丁的第三个圣人，他在2月14日的早期殉道学中被提到。他在非洲殉难了许多同伴，但对此却一无所知。 ^[17] Saint Valentine's head was preserved in the abbey of New Minster, Winchester , and venerated. ^[17]圣瓦伦丁的头部保存在温彻斯特的新大教堂修道院，并受到尊敬。 ^{[18] [18]}

February 14 is celebrated as St. Valentine's Day in various Christian denominations ; 2月14日在各种基督教教派中被称为圣瓦伦丁节; it has, for example, the rank of 'commemoration' in the calendar of saints in the Anglican Communion .例如，它具有英国圣公会 圣徒历法中的“纪念”等级。 ^[8] In addition, the feast day of Saint Valentine is also given in the calendar of saints of the Lutheran Church . ^[8]此外，圣瓦伦丁的节日也在路德教会 的圣徒日历中给出。 ^[9] However, in the 1969 revision of the Roman Catholic Calendar of Saints , the feast day of Saint Valentine on February 14 was removed from the General Roman Calendar and relegated to particular (local or even national) calendars for the following reason: "Though the memorial of Saint Valentine is ancient, it is left to particular calendars, since, apart from his name, nothing is known of Saint Valentine except that he was buried on the Via Flaminia on February 14." ^[9]然而，在1969年 罗马天主教圣徒日历的 修订中，2月14日圣瓦伦丁的节日被从罗马日历中删除，并降级为特定（本地或国家）日历，原因如下：尽管圣瓦伦丁的纪念碑是古老的，但它留给了特定的日历，因为除了他的名字之外，除了他于2月14日被埋葬在Via Flaminia之外，没有人知道圣瓦伦丁。 ^{[19] [19]}

The feast day is still celebrated in Balzan ( Malta ) where relics of the saint are claimed to be found, and also throughout the world by Traditionalist Catholics who follow the older, pre- Second Vatican Council calendar.在巴尔赞 （ 马耳他 ）仍然庆祝节日，声称圣徒的遗物在世界各地都有， 传统主义天主教徒遵循旧的，在梵蒂冈会议之前的日历。

In the Eastern Orthodox Church , St. Valentine is recognized on July 6 , in which Saint Valentine , the Roman presbyter, is honoured;在东正教教堂 ，圣瓦伦丁于7月6日得到认可，罗马长老圣瓦伦丁被授予荣誉; in addition, the Eastern Orthodox Church observes the feast of Hieromartyr Valentine, Bishop of Interamna, on July 30 .此外，东正教会于7月30日观看了Interamna主教Hieromartyr Valentine的盛宴。 ^{[20] [21] [22] [20] [21] [22]}

Legends 传奇

St Valentine baptizing St Lucilla , Jacopo Bassano . St Valentine施洗St Lucilla ， Jacopo Bassano 。

JC Cooper, in The Dictionary of Christianity , writes that Saint Valentine was "a priest of Rome who was imprisoned for succouring persecuted Christians." JC Cooper在“基督教词典”中写道，圣瓦伦丁是“罗马的一名牧师，因为受到迫害的基督徒而被监禁。” ^[23] Contemporary records of Saint Valentine were most probably destroyed during this Diocletianic Persecution in the early 4th century. ^[23]在4世纪初的戴克里提式迫害期间，圣瓦伦丁的当代记录很可能被摧毁。 ^[24] In the 5th or 6th century, a work called Passio Marii et Marthae published a story of martyrdom for Saint Valentine of Rome, perhaps by borrowing tortures that happened to other saints, as was usual in the literature of that period. ^[24]在5世纪或6世纪，一部名为Passio Marii et Marthae的作品发表了一篇关于罗马圣瓦伦丁殉难的故事，也许借用了其他圣人发生的折磨，就像那段时期的文献中所常见的那样。 The same events are also found in Bede's Martyrology , which was compiled in the 8th century. Bede's Martyrology也发现了同样的事件，这是在8世纪编制的。 ^{[24] [25]} It states that Saint Valentine was persecuted as a Christian and interrogated by Roman Emperor Claudius II in person. ^{[24] [25]}它指出圣瓦伦丁被迫作为一名基督徒并由罗马皇帝 克劳迪乌斯二世亲自审问。 Claudius was impressed by Valentine and had a discussion with him, attempting to get him to convert to Roman paganism in order to save his life.克劳迪斯对瓦伦丁印象深刻，并与他进行了一次讨论，试图让他皈依罗马异教 ，以挽救他的生命。 Valentine refused and tried to convert Claudius to Christianity instead.瓦伦丁拒绝并试图将克劳迪斯转变为基督教。 Because of this, he was executed.因此，他被处决了。 Before his execution, he is reported to have performed a miracle by healing Julia, the blind daughter of his jailer Asterius.据报道，在他被处决之前，他通过治疗朱莉娅（他是狱卒阿斯特里乌斯的瞎女）表现出奇迹。 The jailer's daughter and his forty-six member household (family members and servants) came to believe in Jesus and were baptized .狱卒的女儿和他的四十六个成员家庭 （家庭成员和仆人）开始相信耶稣 ，并受洗 。 ^{[26] [24] [26] [24]}

A later Passio repeated the legend, adding that Pope Julius I built a church over his sepulchre (it is a confusion with a 4th-century tribune called Valentino who donated land to build a church at a time when Julius was a Pope).后来的帕西奥重复了这个传说，并补充说教皇朱利叶斯一世在他的坟墓上建造了一座教堂（这是一个混乱的4世纪的一个名为瓦伦蒂诺的论坛，在朱利叶斯是教皇的时候捐赠土地建造教堂）。 ^[25] The legend was picked up as fact by later martyrologies, starting by Bede 's martyrology in the 8th century. ^[25]这个传说被后来的殉道者所吸引，从贝德在8世纪的殉道学开始。 ^[25] It was repeated in the 13th century, in The Golden Legend . ^[25]它在13世纪的“金色传奇”中重演。 ^{[27] [27]}

There is an additional embellishment to The Golden Legend , which according to Henry Ansgar Kelly, was added centuries later, and widely repeated.根据Henry Ansgar Kelly的说法， “金色传奇”还有一个额外的点缀，几个世纪后被添加，并且被广泛重复。 ^[28] On the evening before Valentine was to be executed , he is supposed to have written the first "valentine" card himself, addressed to the daughter of his jailer Asterius, who was no longer blind, signing as "Your Valentine." ^[28]在瓦朗蒂娜被处决之前的那个晚上，他应该自己写下第一张“情人节”卡片，写给他的狱卒Asterius的女儿，她已经不再失明，签名为“你的情人”。 ^[28] The expression "From your Valentine" was later adopted by modern Valentine letters. ^[28]后来，现代情人节字母采用了“从你的情人节”这个词。 ^[29] This legend has been published by both American Greetings and The History Channel . ^[29]这个传说由美国问候和历史频道出版。 ^{[30] [30]}

Saint Valentine of Terni and his disciples 特尔尼的圣瓦伦丁和他的弟子

John Foxe , an English historian, as well as the Order of Carmelites , state that Saint Valentine was buried in the Church of Praxedes in Rome, located near the cemetery of Saint Hippolytus .英国历史学家约翰福克斯以及加尔默罗会勋章称 ，圣瓦伦丁被埋葬在罗马的Praxedes教堂，该教堂位于Saint Hippolytus墓地附近。 This order says that according to legend, "Julia herself planted a pink-blossomed almond tree near his grave. Today, the almond tree remains a symbol of abiding love and friendship."这个命令说，根据传说，“朱莉娅自己在他的坟墓附近种了一朵粉红色的杏仁树。今天，杏仁树仍然是持久的爱和友谊的象征。” ^{[31] [32] [31] [32]}

Another embellishment suggests that Saint Valentine performed clandestine Christian weddings for soldiers who were forbidden to marry.另一个点缀表明，圣瓦伦丁为禁止结婚的士兵举行了秘密的基督教婚礼 。 ^[33] The Roman Emperor Claudius II supposedly forbade this in order to grow his army, believing that married men did not make for good soldiers. ^[33]罗马皇帝克劳迪乌斯二世据说禁止这样做，以便发展他的军队，相信已婚男人不会为好士兵做出贡献。 ^{[33] [34]} However, George Monger writes that this marriage ban was never issued and that Claudius II told his soldiers to take two or three women for themselves after his victory over the Goths . ^{[33] [34]}然而，乔治·蒙格写道，这项婚姻禁令从未发布过，克劳迪乌斯二世告诉他的士兵在战胜哥特人后为自己带走了两三个女人。 ^{[35] [35]}

According to legend, in order "to remind these men of their vows and God's love, Saint Valentine is said to have cut hearts from parchment", giving them to these soldiers and persecuted Christians , a possible origin of the widespread use of hearts on St. Valentine's Day.根据传说，为了“提醒这些人的誓言和上帝的爱，据说圣瓦伦丁已经从羊皮纸上切下了心脏”，将这些人送给这些士兵和受迫害的基督徒 ，这可能是圣诞节广泛使用心灵的根源。 情人节。 ^{[36] [36]}

Saint Valentine supposedly wore a purple amethyst ring, customarily worn on the hands of Christian bishops with an image of Cupid engraved in it, a recognizable symbol associated with love that was legal under the Roman Empire;圣瓦伦丁据说穿着紫色的紫水晶戒指，通常戴在基督教主教的手上，上面刻有丘比特的图像，这是一个与罗马帝国合法的爱情相关的可识别符号; ^{[34] [37]} Roman soldiers would recognize the ring and ask him to perform marriage for them. ^{[34] [37]}罗马士兵会认出戒指并要求他为他们结婚。 ^[34] Probably due to the association with Saint Valentine, amethyst has become the birthstone of February, which is thought to attract love. ^[34]可能由于与圣瓦伦丁的联系，紫水晶已成为二月的诞生石 ，被认为是吸引爱情。 ^{[38] [38]}

Folk traditions 民间传统

While the European folk traditions connected with Saint Valentine and St. Valentine's Day have become marginalized by the modern Anglo-American customs connecting the day with romantic love , there are some remaining associations connecting the saint with the advent of spring .虽然与圣瓦伦丁节和圣瓦伦丁节相关的欧洲民间传统已经被现代英美关系边缘化，将这一天与浪漫的爱情联系起来 ，但仍有一些关联将圣人与春天的到来联系起来。

While the custom of sending cards, flowers, chocolates and other gifts originated in the UK, Valentine's Day still remains connected with various regional customs in England.虽然发送卡片，鲜花，巧克力和其他礼物的习俗来自英国，情人节仍然与英格兰的各种地区习俗保持联系。 In Norfolk , a character called 'Jack' Valentine knocks on the rear door of houses leaving sweets and presents for children.在诺福克 ，一个名为“杰克”情人节的角色敲打着房子的后门，为孩子们留下糖果和礼物。 Although he was leaving treats, many children were scared of this mystical person.虽然他正在离开零食，但很多孩子都害怕这个神秘的人。 ^{[39] [40] [39] [40]}

In Slovenia , Saint Valentine or Zdravko was one of the saints of spring, the saint of good health and the patron of beekeepers and pilgrims.在斯洛文尼亚 ，圣瓦伦丁或Zdravko是春天的圣徒之一，健康的圣人和养蜂人和朝圣者的赞助人。 ^[41] A proverb says that "Saint Valentine brings the keys of roots". ^[41]一句谚语说“圣瓦伦丁带来了根源的钥匙”。 Plants and flowers start to grow on this day.植物和花朵在这一天开始生长。 It has been celebrated as the day when the first work in the vineyards and in the fields commences.它被认为是葡萄园和田野中第一件作品开始的那一天。 It is also said that birds propose to each other or marry on that day.还有人说鸟类在那天互相提议或结婚。 Another proverb says "Valentin – prvi spomladin" ("Valentine — the first spring saint"), as in some places (especially White Carniola ), Saint Valentine marks the beginning of spring.另一句谚语说“Valentin - prvi spomladin” （“情人 - 第一个春天的圣徒”），就像在某些地方（特别是白色的卡尼奥拉 ），圣瓦伦丁标志着春天的开始。 ^[42] Valentine's Day has only recently been celebrated as the day of love. ^[42]情人节最近才被称为爱的日子。 The day of love was traditionally March 12, the Saint Gregory 's day, or February 22, Saint Vincent's Day .爱情的日子传统上是3月12日， 圣格雷戈里的日子，或2月22日， 圣文森特日 。 The patron of love was Saint Anthony , whose day has been celebrated on June 13. ^[41]爱的赞助人是圣安东尼 ，他的日子已于6月13日庆祝。 ^[41]

Connection with romantic love 与浪漫爱情的联系

Lupercalia 牧神节

There is no evidence of any link between St. Valentine's Day and the rites of the ancient Roman festival Lupercalia, despite many claims by many authors.尽管许多作者提出了很多说法，但没有证据表明圣瓦伦丁节和古罗马节日Lupercalia的仪式之间存在任何联系。 ^{[18] [43] [notes 1] [44]} The celebration of Saint Valentine did not have any romantic connotations until Chaucer 's poetry about "Valentines" in the 14th century. ^{[18] [43] [注释1] [44]}圣乔治的庆祝活动在乔治 14世纪关于“情人节”的诗歌之前没有任何浪漫的内涵。 ^[24] Popular modern sources claim links to unspecified Greco-Roman February holidays alleged to be devoted to fertility and love to St. Valentine's Day, but prior to Chaucer in the 14th century, there were no links between the saints named Valentinus and romantic love. ^[24]流行的现代消息来源声称与未指定的希腊罗马2月假期相关联，据称致力于生育和对圣瓦伦丁节的热爱，但在14世纪的乔 ，之前，名为Valentinus的圣徒和浪漫的爱情之间没有联系。 。 ^{[24] [24]}

In Ancient Rome , Lupercalia , observed February 13–15, was an archaic rite connected to fertility.在古罗马 ，2月13日至15日观察到的Lupercalia是与生育有关的古老仪式。 Lupercalia was a festival local to the city of Rome. Lupercalia是罗马市的一个节日。 The more general Festival of Juno Februa , meaning "Juno the purifier" or "the chaste Juno", was celebrated on February 13–14.更为一般的Juno Februa音乐节，意为“朱诺净化器”或“贞洁的朱诺”，于2月13日至14日庆祝。 Pope Gelasius I (492–496) abolished Lupercalia.教皇格拉西乌斯一世 （492-496）废除了卢佩卡利亚。 Some researchers have theorized that Gelasius I replaced Lupercalia with the celebration of the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary and claim a connection to the 14th century's connotations of romantic love, but there is no historical indication that he ever intended such a thing.一些研究人员认为，Gelasius我用“ 圣母玛利亚的净化”的庆祝取代了Lupercalia，并声称与14世纪浪漫爱情的内涵有关，但没有任何历史迹象表明他曾打算过这样的事情。 ^{[44] [notes 2] [45]} Also, the dates do not fit because at the time of Gelasius I, the feast was only celebrated in Jerusalem, and it was on February 14 only because Jerusalem placed the Nativity of Jesus (Christmas) on January 6. ^{[notes 3]} Although it was called "Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary", it also dealt with the presentation of Jesus at the temple. ^{[44] [注释2] [45]}此外，日期不合适，因为在Gelasius I时，这个节日只在耶路撒冷庆祝，而且是在2月14日，因为耶路撒冷放置了耶稣诞生（圣诞节） 1月6日。 ^[注释3]虽然它被称为“圣母玛利亚的净化”，但它也处理了耶稣在圣殿中的呈现。 ^[46] Jerusalem's Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary on February 14 became the Presentation of Jesus at the Temple on February 2 as it was introduced to Rome and other places in the sixth century, after Gelasius I's time. ^[46] 2月14日耶路撒冷圣母玛利亚的净化成为2月2日耶稣在圣殿的呈现，因为它是在Gelasius I时代之后被引入罗马和其他地方的六世纪。 ^{[46] [46]}

Alban Butler in his Lifes of the Principal Saints (1756–1759) claimed without proof that men and women in Lupercalia drew names from a jar to make couples, and that modern Valentine's letters originated from this custom. 阿尔班·巴特勒 （ Alban Butler）在校长圣徒的生命 （1756-1759）中声称，没有证据证明卢佩卡利亚的男人和女人从罐子里抽出名字来制作情侣，现代情人节的字母起源于这种习俗。 In reality, this practice originated in the Middle Ages, with no link to Lupercalia, with men drawing the names of girls at random to couple with them.实际上，这种做法起源于中世纪，与Lupercalia没有联系，男人随意抽取女孩的名字与他们结合。 This custom was combated by priests, for example by Frances de Sales around 1600, apparently by replacing it with a religious custom of girls drawing the names of apostles from the altar .这种习俗是由牧师打击的，例如1600年左右的Frances de Sales ，显然是用一种女孩的宗教习俗取代它，从祭坛上画出使徒的名字。 However, this religious custom is recorded as soon as the 13th century in the life of Saint Elizabeth of Hungary , so it could have a different origin.然而，这种宗教习俗在13世纪就被记录在匈牙利圣伊丽莎白的生活中，所以它可能有不同的起源。 ^{[18] [18]}

Geoffrey Chaucer by Thomas Hoccleve (1412) Geoffrey Chaucer作者： Thomas Hoccleve （1412）

Chaucer's love birds 乔的爱情鸟

Jack B. Oruch writes that the first recorded association of Valentine's Day with romantic love is in Parlement of Foules (1382) by Geoffrey Chaucer .杰克·B·奥鲁奇（Jack B. Oruch）写道，情人节与浪漫爱情的第一次记录是由杰弗里·乔 （ Geoffrey Chaucer ）在“幽灵之战” （ Parlement of Foules） （1382年）。 ^[24] Chaucer wrote: ^[24] Chaucer写道：

"For this was on seynt Volantynys day “因为这是在seynt Volantynys日
Whan euery bryd comyth there to chese his make". Whan euery bryd在那里拼凑他的作品“。

["For this was on St. Valentine's Day, when every bird cometh there to choose his mate."] [“因为这是在圣瓦伦丁节，当每只鸟来到那里选择他的伴侣。”]

This poem was written to honor the first anniversary of the engagement of King Richard II of England to Anne of Bohemia .这首诗是为纪念英国国王理查德二世 与波希米亚安妮订婚一周年而写的。 ^[47] A treaty providing for a marriage was signed on May 2, 1381. ^{[48] [47]}一项规定婚姻的条约于1381年5月2日签署。 ^[48]

Readers have uncritically assumed that Chaucer was referring to February 14 as Valentine's Day.读者不加批判地认为乔was将2月14日称为情人节。 Henry Ansgar Kelly has observed that Chaucer might have had in mind the feast day of St. Valentine of Genoa, an early bishop of Genoa who died around AD 307;亨利·安斯加·凯利（Henry Ansgar Kelly）观察到乔乔可能已经想到了热那亚圣瓦伦丁的节日，热那亚的早期主教在公元307年左右去世; it was probably celebrated on 3 May.它可能是在5月3日庆祝的。 ^{[47] [49] [50]} Jack B. Oruch notes that the date on which spring begins has changed since Chaucer's time because of the precession of the equinoxes and the introduction of the more accurate Gregorian calendar only in 1582. On the Julian calendar in use in Chaucer's time, February 14 would have fallen on the date now called February 23, a time when some birds have started mating and nesting in England. ^{[47] [49] [50]} Jack B. Oruch指出， 春节开始的日期因乔时代而改变，因为昼夜平分点的进动以及仅在1582年引入更准确的公历 。在儒略历上在乔的时代使用，2月14日将在2月23日的日期落下，这个时候有些鸟类开始在英格兰交配和筑巢。 ^{[24] [24]}

Chaucer's Parliament of Foules refers to a supposedly established tradition, but there is no record of such a tradition before Chaucer.乔' 的Foules议会指的是一种据称已确立的传统，但在乔'之前没有这种传统的记录。 The speculative derivation of sentimental customs from the distant past began with 18th-century antiquaries , notably Alban Butler , the author of Butler's Lives of Saints , and have been perpetuated even by respectable modern scholars.从遥远的过去开始的情感习俗的推测始于18世纪的古董 ，特别是巴特勒的圣徒生活的作者阿尔班巴特勒 ，并且甚至被可敬的现代学者所延续。 Most notably, "the idea that Valentine's Day customs perpetuated those of the Roman Lupercalia has been accepted uncritically and repeated, in various forms, up to the present".最值得注意的是，“情人节习俗长期存在于罗马卢佩卡利亚的观念已被不加批判地接受，并以各种形式重复到现在”。 ^{[18] [51] [18] [51]}

Three other authors who made poems about birds mating on St. Valentine's Day around the same years: Otton de Grandson from Savoy, John Gower from England , and a knight called Pardo from Valencia.另外三位作者在同一年的圣瓦伦丁节上制作关于鸟类交配的诗：来自萨沃伊的Otton de Grandson ，来自英格兰的 John Gower和来自瓦伦西亚的一位名叫Pardo的骑士。 Chaucer most probably predated all of them but, due to the difficulty of dating medieval works, it is not possible to ascertain which of the four first had the idea and influenced the others.乔most很可能早于他们所有人，但由于难以与中世纪作品约会，因此不可能确定四个中的哪一个首先有想法并影响其他人。 ^{[52] [52]}

Court of love 爱的宫廷

The earliest description of February 14 as an annual celebration of love appears in the Charter of the Court of Love . 2月14日作为爱情年度庆典的最早描述出现在“爱情法庭宪章”中 。 The charter, allegedly issued by Charles VI of France at Mantes-la-Jolie in 1400, describes lavish festivities to be attended by several members of the royal court, including a feast, amorous song and poetry competitions, jousting and dancing.据称法国查理六世于1400年在Mantes-la-Jolie发行的宪章描述了皇家宫廷的几位成员参加的盛大庆祝活动，包括盛宴，风情歌曲和诗歌比赛，角逐和舞蹈。 ^[53] Amid these festivities, the attending ladies would hear and rule on disputes from lovers. ^[53]在这些庆祝活动中，参加会议的女士们将听取并统治恋人的纠纷。 ^[54] No other record of the court exists, and none of those named in the charter were present at Mantes except Charles's queen, Isabeau of Bavaria , who may well have imagined it all while waiting out a plague. ^[54]除了查尔斯的女王， 巴伐利亚的伊莎贝，在等待瘟疫期间可能已经想到这一切的人之外，没有其他的法院记录存在于宪章中。 ^{[53] [53]}

Valentine poetry 情人节诗

The earliest surviving valentine is a 15th-century rondeau written by Charles, Duke of Orléans to his wife, which commences.最早幸存的情人节是由奥尔良公爵查尔斯写给他的妻子的15世纪的rondeau 。

"Je suis desja d'amour tanné “Je suis desja d'amourtanné
Ma tres doulce Valentinée..." Ma tresdoulceValentinée......“

— Charles d'Orléans, Rondeau VI, lines 1–2 ^[55] - Charles d'Orléans，Rondeau VI，第1-2行^[55]

At the time, the duke was being held in the Tower of London following his capture at the Battle of Agincourt , 1415. ^[56]当时，公爵在1415年在阿金库尔战役中被捕后被关押在伦敦塔 。 ^[56]

The earliest surviving valentines in English appear to be those in the Paston Letters , written in 1477 by Margery Brewes to her future husband John Paston "my right well-beloved Valentine".英国最早幸存的情人节似乎是帕特里布鲁斯在1477年写给她未来的丈夫约翰帕斯顿的“ 帕斯顿快报 ”中的“我最爱的情人”。 ^{[57] [57]}

Valentine's Day is mentioned ruefully by Ophelia in William Shakespeare 's Hamlet (1600–1601):奥菲莉亚在威廉·莎士比亚的 “ 哈姆雷特” （1600-1601）中沮丧地提到情人节：

"To-morrow is Saint Valentine's day, “明天是圣瓦伦丁节，
All in the morning betime,所有早上的时间，
And I a maid at your window,我是你女仆的窗户，
To be your Valentine.做你的情人。
Then up he rose, and donn'd his clothes,然后他起身，穿上他的衣服，
And dupp'd the chamber-door;还有室门;
Let in the maid, that out a maid让女仆，女仆
Never departed more."永远不会离开。“

— William Shakespeare, Hamlet , Act IV, Scene 5 - 威廉莎士比亚， 哈姆雷特 ，第四幕，场景5

John Donne used the legend of the marriage of the birds as the starting point for his epithalamion celebrating the marriage of Elizabeth , daughter of James I of England , and Frederick V, Elector Palatine , on Valentine's Day: 约翰多恩用情人节结合的传说作为他庆祝英格兰詹姆斯一世的女儿伊丽莎白和情人节弗雷德里克五世，选民帕拉丁的婚姻的起点：

"Hayle Bishop Valentine whose day this is “Hayle Bishop Valentine当天就是这样

All the Ayre is thy Diocese所有艾尔都是你的教区
And all the chirping Queristers还有所有啁啾的Queristers
And other birds ar thy parishioners其他鸟类也是你的教区居民
Thou marryest every yeare你每个人都要结婚
The Lyrick Lark, and the graue whispering Doue, Lyrick Lark，和低语的Doue，
The Sparrow that neglects his life for loue,麻雀忽视了他的生活，
The houshold bird with the redd stomacher与redd stomacher的houshold鸟
Thou makst the Blackbird speede as soone,你把Blackbird的皮带打得很好，
As doth the Goldfinch, or the Halcyon就像金翅雀，还是太平洋
The Husband Cock lookes out and soone is spedd丈夫公鸡看了出来，而且很快就加速了
And meets his wife, which brings her feather-bed.和他的妻子见面，带来了她的羽毛床。
This day more cheerfully than ever shine这一天比以往任何时候都更加高兴

This day which might inflame thy selfe old Valentine."这一天可能会激怒你的老情人。“

— John Donne, Epithalamion Vpon Frederick Count Palatine and the Lady Elizabeth marryed on St. Valentines day - John Donne， Epithalamion Vpon Frederick Count Palatine和伊丽莎白女士在圣情人节结婚

The verse " Roses are red " echoes conventions traceable as far back as Edmund Spenser 's epic The Faerie Queene (1590): “ 玫瑰红 ”这一诗句与埃德蒙·斯宾塞的史诗“仙灵奎恩” （1590年）的历史可以追溯。

"She bath'd with roses red, and violets blew, “她用玫瑰红色洗澡，紫罗兰吹了，
And all the sweetest flowres, that in the forrest grew." ^[58]所有最甜蜜的流氓，在福雷斯特里都有所增长。“ ^[58]

The modern cliché Valentine's Day poem can be found in the collection of English nursery rhymes Gammer Gurton's Garland (1784):现代陈词滥调的情人节诗可以在英语童谣集Gammer Gurton的Garland （1784）中找到：

"The rose is red, the violet's blue, “玫瑰是红色的，紫罗兰色的蓝色，

The honey's sweet, and so are you.蜂蜜很甜，你也是。
Thou art my love and I am thine;你是我的爱，我是你的;
I drew thee to my Valentine:我画了我的情人：
The lot was cast and then I drew,这个地段是演员，然后我画了，

And Fortune said it shou'd be you." ^{[59] [60]}而财富说它会成为你。“ ^{[59] [60]}

Modern times 现代

An English Victorian era Valentine card located in the Museum of London位于伦敦博物馆的英国维多利亚时代情人节卡片

In 1797, a British publisher issued The Young Man's Valentine Writer , which contained scores of suggested sentimental verses for the young lover unable to compose his own. 1797年，一位英国出版商发行了“年轻人的情人作家” ，其中包含了许多为年轻情人无法创作的情感诗句 。 Printers had already begun producing a limited number of cards with verses and sketches, called "mechanical valentines."打印机已经开始生产有限数量的带有经文和草图的卡片，称为“机械情人节”。 Paper Valentines became so popular in England in the early 19th century that they were assembled in factories.纸质情人节在19世纪初在英格兰变得如此受欢迎，它们在工厂组装。 Fancy Valentines were made with real lace and ribbons, with paper lace introduced in the mid-19th century.花式情人节采用真正的蕾丝和缎带制成，纸质蕾丝于19世纪中期推出。 ^[61] In 1835, 60,000 Valentine cards were sent by post in the United Kingdom, despite postage being expensive. ^[61] 1835年，尽管邮资昂贵，但在英国邮寄了6万张情人卡。 ^{[62] [62]}

A reduction in postal rates following Sir Rowland Hill 's postal reforms with the 1840 invention of the postage stamp ( Penny Black ) saw the number of Valentines posted increase, with 400,000 sent just one year after its invention, and ushered in the less personal but easier practice of mailing Valentines.随着1863年发明邮票（ Penny Black ）后，罗兰希尔爵士邮政改革后的邮政费率下降，看到情人节的数量有所增加，其发明仅一年后发送了40万，并带来了不那么个人但是更容易邮寄情人节的做法。 ^[63] That made it possible for the first time to exchange cards anonymously, which is taken as the reason for the sudden appearance of racy verse in an era otherwise prudishly Victorian . ^[63]这使得第一次匿名交换卡片成为可能，这被视为在一个维多利亚时代的维多利亚时代突然出现讽刺诗句的原因。 ^[64] Production increased, "Cupid's Manufactory" as Charles Dickens termed it, with over 3,000 women employed in manufacturing. ^[64]产量增加，“丘比特的制造厂”正如查尔斯狄更斯所说的那样，有超过3,000名女性从事制造业。 ^[63] The Laura Seddon Greeting Card Collection at Manchester Metropolitan University gathers 450 Valentine's Day cards dating from early nineteenth century Britain, printed by the major publishers of the day. ^[63] 曼彻斯特城市大学的Laura Seddon贺卡收集了当时主要出版商印制的450张情人节卡片，其历史可追溯至19世纪早期的英国。 ^[65] The collection appears in Seddon's book Victorian Valentines (1996). ^[65]该系列出现在Seddon的书Victorian Valentines （1996）中。 ^{[66] [66]}

Flowers, such as red roses (pictured), are often sent on Valentine's Day鲜花，如红玫瑰（如图），通常在情人节送出

In the United States, the first mass-produced Valentines of embossed paper lace were produced and sold shortly after 1847 by Esther Howland (1828–1904) of Worcester, Massachusetts .在美国，马萨诸塞州伍斯特市的 Esther Howland （1828-1904）于1847年后不久生产和销售了第一批大量生产的情人节压花纸花边。 ^{[67] [68]} Her father operated a large book and stationery store, but Howland took her inspiration from an English Valentine she had received from a business associate of her father. ^{[67] [68]}她的父亲经营着一家大型书店和文具店，但豪兰从她父亲的商业伙伴那里收到的英国情人节中获取灵感。 ^{[69] [70]} Intrigued with the idea of making similar Valentines, Howland began her business by importing paper lace and floral decorations from England. ^{[69] [70]} Howland对制作类似情人节的想法很感兴趣，Howland从英国进口纸巾和花卉装饰开始了她的生意。 ^{[70] [71]} A writer in Graham's American Monthly observed in 1849, "Saint Valentine's Day ... is becoming, nay it has become, a national holyday." ^{[70] [71]} 格雷厄姆的“美国月刊 ^”中的一位作家在1849年观察到，“圣瓦伦丁节......正在成为一个全国性的瞻礼日。” ^[72] The English practice of sending Valentine's cards was established enough to feature as a plot device in Elizabeth Gaskell 's Mr. Harrison's Confessions (1851): "I burst in with my explanations: 'The valentine I know nothing about.' ^[72]发送情人卡的英国惯例已经建立，足以作为伊丽莎白盖斯凯尔 先生的哈里森忏悔录 （1851年）中的情节设备：“我用我的解释突然说：'我对一无所知的情人节'。 'It is in your handwriting', said he coldly." “这是你的笔迹”，他冷冷地说。“ ^[73] Since 2001, the Greeting Card Association has been giving an annual "Esther Howland Award for a Greeting Card Visionary". ^[73]自2001年以来，贺卡协会一直在颁发一年一度的“Esther Howland Award for a Greeting Card Visionary”。 ^{[68] [68]}

Since the 19th century, handwritten notes have given way to mass-produced greeting cards.自19世纪以来，手写笔记已经让位于大规模生产的贺卡。 ^[6] In the UK, just under half of the population spend money on their Valentines, and around £1.9 billion was spent in 2015 on cards, flowers, chocolates and other gifts. ^[6]在英国，只有不到一半的人口花钱购买情人节礼物，2015年花在卡片，鲜花，巧克力和其他礼品上的费用约为19亿英镑。 ^[74] The mid-19th century Valentine's Day trade was a harbinger of further commercialized holidays in the US to follow. ^[74] 19世纪中期的情人节交易是美国进一步商业化假期的预兆。 ^{[75] [75]}

A gift box of chocolates, which is a common gift for Valentine's Day礼品盒巧克力，是情人节的常用礼品

In 1868, the British chocolate company Cadbury created Fancy Boxes — a decorated box of chocolates — in the shape of a heart for Valentine's Day. 1868年，英国巧克力公司吉百利（Cadbury）创造了Fancy Boxes - 一盒装饰巧克力盒 - 为情人节创造了一颗心形。 ^[76] Boxes of filled chocolates quickly became associated with the holiday. ^[76]装满巧克力的盒子很快就与假期联系在一起了。 ^[76] In the second half of the 20th century, the practice of exchanging cards was extended to all manner of gifts, such as giving jewelry . ^[76]在20世纪下半叶，交换卡片的做法扩展到各种礼物，如赠送珠宝 。

The US Greeting Card Association estimates that approximately 190 million valentines are sent each year in the US.美国贺卡协会估计，美国每年发送大约1.9亿份情人节礼物。 Half of those valentines are given to family members other than husband or wife, usually to children.这些情人中有一半是给予丈夫或妻子以外的家庭成员，通常是给孩子。 When the valentine-exchange cards made in school activities are included the figure goes up to 1 billion, and teachers become the people receiving the most valentines.当包括在学校活动中制作的情人节交换卡时，这个数字上升到10亿，教师成为获得最多情人的人。 ^[67] The average valentine's spending has increased every year in the US, from $108 a person in 2010 to $131 in 2013. ^{[77] [67]}美国的平均情人节支出每年都在增加，从2010年的每人108美元增加到2013年的131美元。 ^[77]

The rise of Internet popularity at the turn of the millennium is creating new traditions.千禧年之际互联网普及的兴起正在创造新的传统。 Millions of people use, every year, digital means of creating and sending Valentine's Day greeting messages such as e-cards , love coupons or printable greeting cards.每年有数百万人使用数字方式创建和发送情人节贺卡消息，如电子贺卡 ， 情人 卡或可打印贺卡。 An estimated 15 million e-valentines were sent in 2010. ^[67] Valentine's Day is considered by some to be a Hallmark holiday due to its commercialization. 2010年估计发送了1500万份电子情人节。 ^[67]由于商业化，情人节被认为是霍尔马克度假 。 ^{[78] [78]}

In the modern era, liturgically, the Anglican Church has a service for St. Valentine's Day (the Feast of St. Valentine), which includes the optional rite of the renewal of marriage vows .在现代时期， 英国圣公会教堂为圣瓦伦丁节（圣瓦伦丁节）提供服务，其中包括更新婚姻誓言的可选仪式。 ^[79] In 2016, Catholic Bishops of England and Wales established a novena prayer "to support single people seeking a spouse ahead of St Valentine's Day." ^[79] 2016年， 英格兰和威尔士的天主教主教建立了一个诺维娜祈祷，“以支持在圣瓦伦丁节之前寻找配偶的单身人士”。 ^{[80] [80]}

Celebration and status worldwide 全球庆祝和地位

Valentine's Day customs ^{[ which?}情人节习俗^{[ 哪个？ ]} developed in early modern England and spread throughout the English-speaking world in the 19th century. ^]在早期的现代英格兰发展并在19世纪传播到英语世界 。 In the later 20th and early 21st centuries, these customs spread to other countries, but their effect has been more limited than those of Hallowe'en , or than aspects of Christmas , (such as Santa Claus ).在20世纪后期和21世纪初，这些习俗传播到其他国家，但它们的影响比Hallowe'en或圣诞节 （如圣诞老人 ）的影响更为有限。 ^{[ citation needed ] [ 引证需要 ]}

Valentine's Day is celebrated in many East Asian countries with Singaporeans , Chinese and South Koreans spending the most money on Valentine's gifts.许多东亚国家庆祝情人节， 新加坡人 ， 中国人和韩国人花最多钱购买情人节礼物。 ^{[81] [81]}

Americas 美洲

Latin America 拉丁美洲

In most Latin American countries, for example, Costa Rica , ^[82] Mexico , ^[83] and Puerto Rico , Saint Valentine's Day is known as Día de los Enamorados (day of lovers) ^[84] or as Día del Amor y la Amistad (Day of Love and Friendship).在大多数拉丁美洲国家，例如哥斯达黎加 ， ^[82] 墨西哥 ， ^[83]和波多黎各 ，圣瓦伦丁节被称为Díadelos Enamorados （情人节） ^[84]或DíadelAmor y la Amistad （爱与友谊的日子）。 It is also common to see people perform "acts of appreciation" for their friends.看到人们为他们的朋友表演“欣赏行为”也很常见。 ^[85] In Guatemala it is known as the "Día del Cariño" (Affection Day). ^[85]在危地马拉，它被称为“DíadelCariño”（情感日）。 ^[86] Some countries, in particular the Dominican Republic and El Salvador , ^[87] have a tradition called Amigo secreto ("Secret friend"), which is a game similar to the Christmas tradition of Secret Santa . ^[86]一些国家，特别是多米尼加共和国和萨尔瓦多 ， ^[87]有一个名为Amigo secreto （“秘密朋友”）的传统，这是一种类似于秘密圣诞老人的圣诞传统的游戏。 ^{[85] [85]}

In Brazil , the Dia dos Namorados (lit. "Lovers' Day", or "Boyfriends'/Girlfriends' Day") is celebrated on June 12, probably because that is the day before Saint Anthony 's day, known there as the marriage saint , ^[88] when traditionally many single women perform popular rituals, called simpatias , in order to find a good husband or boyfriend.在巴西 ， Dia dos Namorados （点燃“情人节”或“男朋友/女朋友节”）于6月12日庆祝，可能是因为那是圣安东尼时代的前一天，在那里被称为婚姻圣 ， ^[88]当传统上许多单身女性进行流行的仪式，称为simpatias ，以寻找一个好丈夫或男朋友。 Couples exchange gifts, chocolates, cards, and flower bouquets.情侣们交换礼物，巧克力，卡片和鲜花花束。 The February 14 Valentine's Day is not celebrated at all because it usually falls too little before or too little after the Brazilian Carnival ^[89] — that can fall anywhere from early February to early March and lasts almost a week. 2月14日的情人节根本没有庆祝，因为它通常在巴西狂欢节 ^[89]之前或之后太少，可能从2月初到3月初落到任何地方，持续近一周。 Because of the absence of Valentine's Day and due to the celebrations of the Carnivals, Brazil was recommended by US News & World Report as a tourist destination during February for Western singles who want to get away from the holiday.由于没有情人节，并且由于狂欢节的庆祝活动，巴西被美国新闻与世界报道推荐为2月期间希望远离假期的西方单身人士的旅游目的地。 ^{[90] [90]}

Colombia celebrates Día del amor y la amistad on the third Saturday in September instead. 哥伦比亚在9月的第三个星期六庆祝Díadelamor y la amistad 。 ^[91] Amigo Secreto is also popular there. ^[91] Amigo Secreto也很受欢迎。 ^{[92] [92]}

United States 美国

Conversation hearts , candies with messages on them that are strongly associated with Valentine's Day. 对话心 ，糖果与他们的消息与情人节密切相关。

In the United States, about 190 million Valentine's Day cards are sent each year, not including the hundreds of millions of cards school children exchange.在美国，每年发送约1.9亿张情人节贺卡，不包括数以亿计的学校儿童卡交换。 ^{[93] [93]}

Valentine's Day is a major source of economic activity, with total expenditures in 2017 topping $18.2 billion in 2017, or over $136 per person.情人节是经济活动的主要来源，2017年的总支出在2017年达到182亿美元，或每人超过136美元。 ^[94] This is an increase from $108 per person in 2010. ^{[77] [94]}这比2010年每人108美元有所增加。 ^[77]

Asia 亚洲

China 中国

In Chinese, Valentine's Day is called lovers' festival ( simplified Chinese : 情人节 ; traditional Chinese : 情人節 ; Mandarin : Qīng Rén Jié ; Hokkien : Chêng Lîn Chiat ; Cantonese : Chìhng Yàhn Jit ; Shanghainese Xin Yin Jiq ).在中文里，情人节被称为​​情人节（ 简体中文 ： 情人节 ; 繁体中文 ： 情人节 ; 普通话 ： QīngRénJié ; 福建话 ： ChêngLînChiat ; 粤语 ： ChìhngYàhnJit ; 上海 新音Jiq ）。 The "Chinese Valentine's Day" is the Qixi Festival , celebrated on the seventh day of the seventh month of the lunar calendar. “中国情人节”是七夕节 ，在农历七月的第七天庆祝。 It commemorates a day on which a legendary cowherder and weaving maid are allowed to be together.它纪念一个传奇的牧牛人和编织女仆被允许在一起的一天。 In Chinese culture , there is an older observance related to lovers, called " The Night of Sevens " ( Chinese : 七夕 ; pinyin : Qi Xi ).在中国文化中 ，有一个与恋人有关的较旧的纪念，称为“ 七人之夜 ”（ 中文 ： 七夕 ; 拼音 ： 齐熙 ）。 According to the legend, the Cowherd star and the Weaver Maid star are normally separated by the Milky Way (silvery river) but are allowed to meet by crossing it on the 7th day of the 7th month of the Chinese calendar .根据传说， 牛郎星和韦弗女仆星通常被银河系 （ 银河 ）隔开，但允许在中国历法第7个月的第7天穿过它。 ^{[95] [95]}

In recent years, celebrating White Day has also become fashionable among some young people.近年来，庆祝白日也成为一些年轻人的时尚。 ^{[96] [96]}

India 印度

In India , in antiquity, there was a tradition of adoring Kamadeva , the lord of love;在印度 ，在古代，有一种崇拜爱情之王Kamadeva的传统; exemplificated by the erotic carvings in the Khajuraho Group of Monuments and by the writing of the Kamasutra . 克久拉霍古迹集团的色情雕刻以及Kamasutra的写作。 ^[97] This tradition was lost around the Middle Ages , when Kamadeva was no longer celebrated, and public displays of sexual affection became frowned upon. ^[97]这种传统在中世纪时期消失了，当时Kamadeva不再受到欢迎，公开展示的性爱变得不受欢迎。 ^[97] This repression of public affections began to loosen in the 1990s. ^[97]这种对公众情感的压制在20世纪90年代开始松动。 ^{[98] [98]}

Valentine's Day celebrations did not catch on in India until around 1992. It was spread due to the programs in commercial TV channels, such as MTV , dedicated radio programs, and love letter competitions, in addition to an economical liberalization that allowed the explosion of the valentine card industry.直到1992年左右，情人节的庆祝活动才在印度流行起来。由于商业电视频道的节目，如MTV ，专门的广播节目和情书竞赛，这一节日得到了传播，此外还有一个经济自由化，允许爆炸情人节卡业。 ^{[97] [99]} Economic liberalization also helped the Valentine card industry. ^{[97] [99]}经济自由化也有助于情人卡行业。 ^[99] The celebration has caused a sharp change on how people have been displaying their affection in public since the Middle Ages. ^[99]自中世纪以来，庆祝活动对人们如何在公共场合展示自己的情感产生了巨大的变化。 ^{[97] [97]}

In modern times, Hindu and Islamic ^[100] traditionalists have considered the holiday to be cultural contamination from the West, a result of globalization in India.在现代，印度教和伊斯兰教^[100]传统主义者认为这个节日是西方的文化污染，这是印度全球化的结果。 ^{[97] [99]} Shiv Sena and the Sangh Parivar have asked their followers to shun the holiday and the "public admission of love" because of them being "alien to Indian culture". ^{[97] [99]} Shiv Sena和Sangh Parivar要求他们的追随者避开假期和“公开承认爱情”，因为他们“与印度文化陌生”。 ^[101] Although these protests are organized by political elites, the protesters themselves are middle-class Hindu men who fear that the globalization will destroy the traditions in their society: arranged marriages , Hindu joint families , full-time mothers , etc. ^{[99] [100] [101]}虽然这些抗议活动是由政治精英组织的，但抗议者本身就是中产阶级的印度教徒，他们担心全球化将破坏他们社会的传统： 包办婚姻 ， 印度教联合家庭 ， 全职母亲等^{[99] ] [100]}

Despite these obstacles, Valentine's Day is becoming increasingly popular in India.尽管有这些障碍，情人节在印度越来越受欢迎。 ^{[102] [102]}

Valentine's Day has been strongly criticized from a postcolonial perspective by intellectuals from the Indian left.情人节受到了来自印度左派知识分子的后殖民主义观点的强烈批评。 The holiday is regarded as a front for "Western imperialism", " neocolonialism ", and "the exploitation of working classes through commercialism by multinational corporations ".这个节日被视为“西方帝国主义”，“ 新殖民主义 ”和“ 跨国公司通过商业主义剥削工人阶级”的前线。 ^[103] It is claimed that as a result of Valentine's Day, the working classes and rural poor become more disconnected socially, politically, and geographically from the hegemonic capitalist power structure. ^[103]据称，由于情人节的到来， 工人阶级和农村贫困人口在社会，政治和地理上与霸权资本主义权力结构的联系变得更加不连贯。 They also criticize mainstream media attacks on Indians opposed to Valentine's Day as a form of demonization that is designed and derived to further the Valentine's Day agenda.他们还批评主流媒体对反对情人节的印第安人的攻击是一种妖魔化形式，是为了进一步推动情人节议程而设计和衍生的。 ^{[104] [105]} Right wing Hindu nationalists are also hostile. ^{[104] [105]}右翼印度教民族主义者也是敌对的。 In February 2012, Subash Chouhan of the Bajrang Dal warned couples that "They cannot kiss or hug in public places. Our activists will beat them up". 2012年2月， Bajrang Dal的 Subash Chouhan警告夫妇“他们不能在公共场所亲吻或拥抱。我们的活动家会打败他们”。 ^[106] He said "We are not against love, but we criticize vulgar exhibition of love at public places". ^[106]他说：“我们不是反对爱，而是批评在公共场所进行的庸俗爱情展览”。 ^{[107] [107]}

Iran 伊朗

In the first part of the 21st century, the celebration of Valentine's Day in Iran has been harshly criticized by Islamic teachers who see the celebrations as opposed to Islamic culture .在21世纪的前半部分， 伊朗情人节的庆祝活动受到伊斯兰教师的严厉批评，他们认为庆祝活动与伊斯兰文化相对立。 In 2011, the Iranian printing works owners' union issued a directive banning the printing and distribution of any goods promoting the holiday, including cards , gifts, and teddy bears . 2011年，伊朗印刷厂所有者工会发布了一项指令，禁止印刷和分发任何促销假期的商品，包括卡片 ，礼品和泰迪熊 。 "Printing and producing any goods related to this day including posters, boxes and cards emblazoned with hearts or half-hearts, red roses and any activities promoting this day are banned ... Outlets that violate this will be legally dealt with", the union warned. “打印和生产与今天有关的任何商品，包括印有心形或半心形的海报，盒子和卡片，红玫瑰和任何宣传这一天的活动都将被禁止......违反此规定的奥特莱斯将被合法处理”，工会警告。 ^{[108] [109] [108] [109]}

In Iran, the Sepandarmazgan , or Esfandegan, is a festival where people express love towards their mothers and wives, and it is also a celebration of earth in ancient Persian culture.在伊朗， Sepandarmazgan ，或Esfandegan，是一个人们表达对他们的母亲和妻子的爱的节日，它也是古代波斯文化中的地球庆祝。 It has been progressively forgotten in favor of the Western celebration of Valentine's Day.它逐渐被遗忘，支持西方的情人节庆祝活动。 The Association of Iran's Cultural and Natural Phenomena has been trying since 2006 to make Sepandarmazgan a national holiday on February 17, in order to replace the Western holiday.自2006年以来，伊朗文化和自然现象协会一直在努力使Sepandarmazgan成为2月17日的国定假日，以取代西方假日。 ^{[110] [110]}

Israel 以色列

In Israel , the Jewish tradition of Tu B'Av has been revived and transformed into the Jewish equivalent of Valentine's Day.在以色列 ， Tu B'Av的犹太传统已经复活并转变为犹太人相当于情人节。 It is celebrated on the 15th day of the month of Av (usually in late August).它是在Av月份的第15天庆祝（通常在8月下旬）。 In ancient times girls would wear white dresses and dance in the vineyards, where the boys would be waiting for them ( Mishna Taanith end of Chapter 4).在古代，女孩们会穿着白色的连衣裙，在葡萄园里跳舞，男孩们会在那里等着它们（ Mishna Taanith在第4章结尾）。 Today, Tu B'Av is celebrated as a second holiday of love by secular people (along with Valentine's Day), and it shares many of the customs associated with Saint Valentine's Day in western societies.今天，Tu B'Av被世俗人民（以及情人节）作为第二个爱的节日庆祝，它与西方社会中的圣瓦伦丁节有许多相关的习俗。 In modern Israeli culture Tu B'Av is a popular day to proclaim love, propose marriage, and give gifts like cards or flowers.在现代以色列文化中，Tu B'Av是宣传爱情，提出婚姻以及赠送卡片或鲜花等礼物的热门日子。 ^{[111] [111]}

Japan 日本

In Japan , Morozoff Ltd. introduced the holiday for the first time in 1936, when it ran an advertisement aimed at foreigners.在日本 ， 莫罗佐夫有限公司于1936年首次推出这个假期，当时它正在播放针对外国人的广告。 Later, in 1953, it began promoting the giving of heart-shaped chocolates;后来，在1953年，它开始推广心形巧克力; other Japanese confectionery companies followed suit thereafter.此后其他日本糖果公司也纷纷效仿。 In 1958, the Isetan department store ran a "Valentine sale". 1958年， 伊势丹 百货商店进行了“情人节特卖”。 Further campaigns during the 1960s popularized the custom. 20世纪60年代的进一步运动推广了这一习俗。 ^{[112] [113] [112] [113]}

The custom that only women give chocolates to men may have originated from the translation error of a chocolate-company executive during the initial campaigns.只有女性向男性提供巧克力的习俗可能源于巧克力公司高管在初期活动期间的翻译错误。 ^[114] In particular, office ladies give chocolate to their co-workers. ^[114]特别是， 办公室女士给他们的同事提供巧克力。 Unlike western countries, gifts such as greeting cards, ^[114] candies, flowers , or dinner dates ^[115] are uncommon, and most of the gifts-related activity is about giving the right amount of chocolate to each person.与西方国家不同，贺卡， ^[114]糖果， 鲜花或晚餐日期 ^[115]等礼品并不常见，大多数与礼品相关的活动都是为每个人提供适量的巧克力。 ^[114] Japanese chocolate companies make half their annual sales during this time of the year. ^[114]日本巧克力公司在这一年的这个时期的年销售额减半。 ^{[114] [114]}

Many women feel obliged to give chocolates to all male co-workers, except when the day falls on a Sunday, a holiday.许多女性都觉得有必要给所有男性同事提供巧克力，除非白天是假日。 This is known as giri-choko (義理チョコ), from giri ("obligation") and choko , ("chocolate"), with unpopular co-workers receiving only "ultra-obligatory" chō-giri choko cheap chocolate.这被称为giri-choko （义理チョコ），来自giri （“义务”）和choko （“巧克力”），不受欢迎的同事只接受“超强制性” chō-giri choko廉价巧克力。 This contrasts with honmei-choko (本命チョコ, lit. "true feeling chocolate"), chocolate given to a loved one.这与honmei-choko （本命チョコ，lit。“真正的感觉巧克力”），给予亲人的巧克力形成鲜明对比。 Friends, especially girls, may exchange chocolate referred to as tomo-choko (友チョコ);朋友，特别是女孩，可以交换巧克力，称为tomo-choko （友チョコ）; from tomo meaning "friend".来自tomo的意思是“朋友”。 ^{[116] [116]}

In the 1980s, the Japanese National Confectionery Industry Association launched a successful campaign to make March 14 a "reply day", where men are expected to return the favour to those who gave them chocolates on Valentine's Day, calling it White Day for the color of the chocolates being offered.在20世纪80年代，日本国家糖果行业协会发起了一场成功的运动，使3月14日成为“回复日”，人们期望在情人节那天给予男士巧克力，并称其为白色日 。提供的巧克力。 A previous failed attempt to popularize this celebration had been done by a marshmallow manufacturer who wanted men to return marshmallows to women.以前未能尝试推广这一庆祝活动是由棉花糖制造商完成的，他们希望男性将棉花糖归还给女性。 ^{[112] [113] [112] [113]}

Men are expected to return gifts that are at least two or three times more valuable than the gifts received in Valentine's Day.预计男士将赠送的礼品价值至少比情人节礼品的价值高出两到三倍。 Not returning the gift is perceived as the man placing himself in a position of superiority, even if excuses are given.即使给出了借口，也不会将礼物归还给那些将自己置于优势地位的人。 Returning a present of equal value is considered as a way to say that the relationship is being cut.返回同等价值的礼物被认为是一种表达关系被削减的方式。 Originally only chocolate was given, but now the gifts of jewelry, accessories, clothing, and lingerie are usual.最初只给巧克力，但现在通常是珠宝，配饰，服装和内衣的礼物。 According to the official website of White Day, the color white was chosen because it's the color of purity, evoking "pure, sweet teen love", and because it's also the color of sugar.根据白色日的官方网站，选择白色是因为它是纯净的颜色，唤起“纯净，甜美的青少年爱”，因为它也是糖的颜色。 The initial name was "Ai ni Kotaeru White Day" (Answer Love on White Day).最初的名字是“Ai ni Kotaeru White Day”（白日回答爱情）。 ^{[112] [113] [112] [113]}

In Japan, the romantic "date night" associated to Valentine's Day is celebrated on Christmas Eve .在日本， 圣诞节前夕庆祝与情人节相关的浪漫“约会之夜”。 ^{[117] [117]}

In a 2006 survey of people between 10 and 49 years of age in Japan, Oricon Style found the 1986 Sayuri Kokushō single " Valentine Kiss " to be the most popular Valentine's Day song, even though it sold only 317,000 copies.在2006年对日本10至49岁年龄段人群进行的一项调查中， Oricon Style发现1986年SayuriKokushō 单曲 “ 情人节之吻 ”成为最受欢迎的情人节歌曲，尽管它只售出317,000份。 ^[118] The singles it beat in the ranking were number one selling "Love Love Love" from Dreams Come True (2,488,630 copies) and "Valentine's Radio" from Yumi Matsutoya (1,606,780 copies). ^[118]排名第一的单曲是Dreams Come True （2,488,630张）的“Love Love Love”和Yumi Matsutoya的“Valentine's Radio”（1,606,780张）。 The final song in the top five was " My Funny Valentine " by Miles Davis .前五名中的最后一首歌是迈尔斯戴维斯的 “ 我的搞笑情人 ”。 ^{[118] [118]}

In Japan, a slightly different version of a holiday based on a lovers' story called Tanabata (七夕) has been celebrated for centuries, on July 7 ( Gregorian calendar ).在日本，7月7日（ 格里高利历 ），一个基于情人故事Tanabata （七夕）的假日略有不同的版本已经庆祝了几个世纪。 ^{[119] [ better source needed ]} It has been considered by Westerners as similar to St. Valentine's Day. ^{[119] [ 需要更好的来源 ]}西方人认为它类似于圣瓦伦丁节。 ^{[120] [120]}

Lebanon 黎巴嫩

Valentine's Day themed bouquet of cupcakes情人节主题花束的蛋糕

Saint Valentine is the patron saint for a large part of the Lebanese population. 圣瓦伦丁是黎巴嫩大部分人口的守护神 。 Couples take the opportunity of Valentine's feast day to exchange sweet words and gifts as proof of love.情侣们借着情人节的机会交换甜蜜的文字和礼物作为爱情的证据。 Such gifts typically include boxes of chocolates, cupcakes, and red roses, which are considered the emblem of sacrifice and passion.这些礼物通常包括巧克力盒，蛋糕盒和红玫瑰盒，被认为是牺牲和激情的象征。 ^{[ citation needed ] [ 引证需要 ]}

Lebanese people celebrate Valentine's Day in a different way in every city. 黎巴嫩人在每个城市以不同的方式庆祝情人节。 In Beirut , men take women out to dine and may buy them a gift.在贝鲁特 ，男人们会带女人去吃饭，也可以给她们买礼物。 Many women are asked to marry on that day.当天要求许多女性结婚。 In Sidon , Valentine's Day is celebrated with the whole family – it is more about family love than a couple's love.在Sidon ，情人节是与全家人一起庆祝的 - 它更多的是关于家庭之爱而不是一对夫妻的爱。 ^{[ citation needed ] [ 引证需要 ]}

Malaysia 马来西亚

Islamic officials in West Malaysia warned Muslims against celebrating Valentine's Day, linking it with vice activities. 西马的伊斯兰官员警告穆斯林不要庆祝情人节，并将其与恶搞活动联系起来。 Deputy Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin said the celebration of romantic love was "not suitable" for Muslims.副总理慕尤丁·亚辛说，浪漫爱情的庆祝活动“不适合”穆斯林。 Wan Mohamad Sheikh Abdul Aziz, head of the Malaysian Islamic Development Department ( Jakim ), which oversees the country's Islamic policies said that a fatwa (ruling) issued by the country's top clerics in 2005 noted that the day 'is associated with elements of Christianity,' and 'we just cannot get involved with other religions' worshipping rituals.'监督该国伊斯兰政策的马来西亚伊斯兰发展部（ Jakim ）负责人万穆罕默德谢赫阿卜杜勒阿齐兹说，2005年该国最高神职人员发布的法特瓦 （裁决）指出，这一天与基督教的元素有关， '和'我们只是无法参与其他宗教的崇拜仪式。 Jakim officials planned to carry out a nationwide campaign called "Awas Jerat Valentine's Day" ("Mind the Valentine's Day Trap"), aimed at preventing Muslims from celebrating the day on February 14, 2011. Activities include conducting raids in hotels to stop young couples from having unlawful sex and distributing leaflets to Muslim university students warning them against the day. Jakim官员计划在2011年2月14日举行一场名为“Awas Jerat情人节”的全国性活动，旨在阻止穆斯林庆祝这一天。活动包括对酒店进行突击检查以阻止年轻夫妇从非法性行为和散发传单到穆斯林大学学生警告他们当天。 ^{[121] [122] [121] [122]}

On Valentine's Day 2011, West Malaysian religious authorities arrested more than 100 Muslim couples concerning the celebration ban.在2011年情人节，西马来西亚宗教当局逮捕了100多名关于庆祝禁令的穆斯林夫妇。 Some of them would be charged in the Shariah Court for defying the department's ban against the celebration of Valentine's Day.他们中的一些人将被指控违反该部门禁止庆祝情人节的伊斯兰教法庭。 ^{[123] [123]}

In East Malaysia , the celebration are much more tolerated among young Muslim couples although some Islamic officials and Muslim activists from the West side have told younger generations to refrain from such celebration by organising da'wah and tried to spread their ban into the East.在东马来西亚 ，年轻的穆斯林夫妇更容忍庆祝活动，尽管西方的一些伊斯兰官员和穆斯林活动家告诉年轻一代通过组织da'wah并试图将他们的禁令传播到东方来避免这种庆祝。 ^{[124] [125]} In both the states of Sabah and Sarawak , the celebration is usually common with flowers. ^{[124] [125]}在沙巴州和沙捞越州 ，庆祝活动通常与鲜花有关。 ^{[126] [127] [128] [126] [127] [128]}

Pakistan 巴基斯坦

The concept of Valentine's Day was introduced into Pakistan during the late 1990s with special TV and radio programs. 20世纪90年代末期，情人节的概念在巴基斯坦引入了特殊的电视和广播节目。 The Jamaat-e-Islami political party has called for the banning of Valentine's Day celebration. Jamaat-e-Islami政党呼吁禁止情人节庆祝活动。 ^[102] Despite this, the celebration is becoming popular among urban youth and the florists expect to sell a great amount of flowers, especially red roses. ^[102]尽管如此，庆祝活动在城市青年中越来越受欢迎，花店期望出售大量的鲜花，尤其是红玫瑰。 The case is the same with card publishers.与卡发行商的情况相同。 ^{[129] [129]}

In 2016, local governing body of Peshwar officially banned the celebration of Valentine's Day in the city. 2016年， Peshwar地方管理机构正式禁止在该市举办情人节庆祝活动。 The ban was also implemented in other cities such as Kohat by the local governments.该禁令还在当地政府的其他城市如Kohat实施。 ^{[130] [130]}

In 2017, the Islamabad High Court banned Valentine's Day celebrations in public places in Pakistan. 2017年， 伊斯兰堡高等法院禁止在巴基斯坦公共场所举办情人节庆祝活动。 ^{[131] [131]}

Philippines 菲律宾

In the Philippines , Valentine's Day is called Araw ng mga Puso in much the same manner as in the West.在菲律宾 ，情人节被称为Araw ng mga Puso ，其方式与西方大致相同。 It is usually marked by a steep increase in the price of flowers, particularly red roses.它通常以花的价格急剧上涨为特征，特别是红玫瑰。 ^[132] It is the most popular day for weddings, ^[133] with some localities offering mass ceremonies for no charge. ^[132]这是婚礼最受欢迎的一天， ^[133]有些地方免费提供群众仪式。 ^{[134] [134]}

Saudi Arabia 沙特阿拉伯

In Saudi Arabia , in 2002 and 2008, religious police banned the sale of all Valentine's Day items, telling shop workers to remove any red items, because the day is considered a Christian holiday.在沙特阿拉伯 ，在2002年和2008年， 宗教警察禁止出售所有情人节物品，告诉商店工人去除任何红色物品，因为这一天被认为是基督教节日。 ^{[135] [136]} This ban has created a black market for roses and wrapping paper . ^{[135] [136]}这项禁令为玫瑰和包装纸创造了一个黑市 。 ^{[136] [137]} In 2012, the religious police arrested more than 140 Muslims for celebrating the holiday, and confiscated all red roses from flower shops. ^{[136] [137]} 2012年，宗教警察逮捕了140多名穆斯林，以庆祝这个假期，并没收了花店里的所有红玫瑰。 ^[138] Muslims are not allowed to celebrate the holiday, and non-Muslims can celebrate only behind closed doors. ^[138]穆斯林不允许庆祝节日，非穆斯林只能闭门庆祝。 ^{[139] [139]}

"Saudi cleric Sheikh Muhammad Al-'Arifi said on Valentine's Day Eve that celebrating this holiday constitutes bid'a – a forbidden innovation and deviation from religious law and custom – and mimicry of the West." “沙特神职人员Sheikh Muhammad Al-'Arifi在情人节前夕说，庆祝这个假期构成了'' - 禁止创新，偏离宗教法律和习俗 - 以及西方的模仿。” ^{[140] [141] [140] [141]}

However, in 2017 and 2018, after a fatwa was widely circulated, the religious police did not prevent Muslims from celebrating the day.然而，在2017年和2018年，在一个法特瓦被广泛流传之后，宗教警察并没有阻止穆斯林庆祝这一天。 ^{[142] [142]}

Singapore 新加坡

According to findings, Singaporeans are among the biggest spenders on Valentine's Day, with 60% of Singaporeans indicating that they would spend between $100 and $500 during the season leading up to the holiday.根据调查结果， 新加坡人是情人节最大的消费者之一，60％的新加坡人表示他们将在假期前的季节花费100至500美元。 ^{[81] [81]}

South Korea 韩国

In South Korea , women give chocolate to men on February 14, and men give non-chocolate candy to women on March 14 ( White Day ).在韩国 ，女性在2月14日给男性提供巧克力，男性在3月14日（ 白日 ）给女性提供非巧克力糖。 On April 14 (Black Day), those who did not receive anything on February or March 14 go to a Chinese-Korean restaurant to eat black noodles (자장면 jajangmyeon ) and lament their 'single life'. 4月14日（黑色日），那些在2月或3月14日没有收到任何东西的人去中韩餐馆吃黑面（자장면 jajangmyeon ）并哀叹他们的'单身生活'。 ^[115] Koreans also celebrate Pepero Day on November 11, when young couples give each other Pepero cookies. ^[115]韩国人也在11月11 日庆祝佩佩罗日 ，那时年轻夫妇互赠Pepero饼干。 The date '11/11' is intended to resemble the long shape of the cookie.日期'11 / 11'旨在类似于cookie的长形状。 The 14th of every month marks a love-related day in Korea, although most of them are obscure.每个月的第14个月都标志着韩国与爱情有关的一天，尽管其中大部分都是模糊不清的。 From January to December: Candle Day, Valentine's Day, White Day, Black Day , Rose Day, Kiss Day, Silver Day, Green Day, Music Day, Wine Day, Movie Day, and Hug Day. 1月至12月：蜡烛日，情人节，白日， 黑日 ，玫瑰日，亲吻日，银日，绿日，音乐日，葡萄酒日，电影日和拥抱日。 ^[143] Korean women give a much higher amount of chocolate than Japanese women. ^[143]韩国女性的巧克力含量远高于日本女性。 ^{[115] [115]}

Taiwan 台湾

Taipei 101 in Valentine's Day 2006 台北101在2006年情人节

In Taiwan , traditional Qixi Festival , Valentine's Day and White Day are all celebrated.在台湾 ，传统的七夕节 ，情人节和白色节日都在庆祝。 However, the situation is the reverse of Japan's.然而，情况正好与日本相反。 Men give gifts to women on Valentine's Day, and women return them on White Day .男性在情人节送礼物给女性，女性在白天送回礼物 。 ^{[115] [115]}

Europe 欧洲

United Kingdom 英国

In the UK , just under half of the population spend money on their Valentines and around £1.3 billion is spent yearly on cards, flowers, chocolates, and other gifts, with an estimated 25 million cards being sent.在英国 ，只有不到一半的人口花在他们的情人节上，每年大约花费13亿英镑用于卡片，鲜花，巧克力和其他礼物，估计有2500万张卡片被送出。

In Wales , some people celebrate Dydd Santes Dwynwen ( St Dwynwen's Day ) on January 25 instead of (or as well as) Valentine's Day.在威尔士 ，有些人在1月25 日庆祝Dydd Santes Dwynwen （ St Dwynwen's Day ），而不是（也可能是）情人节。 The day commemorates St Dwynwen , the Welsh patron saint of love.这一天是纪念威尔士爱情守护神St Dwynwen的日子。 ^{[144] [144]}

The Welsh name for Saint Valentine is 'Sant Ffolant'.圣瓦伦丁的威尔士名字是'Sant Ffolant'。

Ireland 爱尔兰

Many Christians make a pilgrimage to Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church on Saint Valentine's Day to implore the intercession of Saint Valentine in their prayers , with the hope of finding true love ^[145]许多基督徒在圣瓦伦丁节前往Whitefriar Street Carmelite教堂 朝圣 ，祈求圣瓦伦丁在他们的祈祷中 代祷 ，希望找到真爱^[145]

On Saint Valentine's Day in Ireland, many individuals who seek true love make a Christian pilgrimage to the Shrine of St. Valentine in Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church in Dublin, which is said to house relics of Saint Valentine of Rome;在爱尔兰的圣瓦伦丁节，许多寻求真爱的人在都柏林的Whitefriar Street Carmelite教堂进行圣瓦伦丁神社的朝圣之旅 ，据说这里有罗马圣瓦伦丁的遗物; they pray at the shrine in hope of finding romance.他们在神社祈祷 ，希望找到浪漫。 ^[145] There lies a book in which foreigners and locals have written their prayer requests for love. ^[145]有一本书，外国人和当地人写下了他们对爱的祈祷请求。 ^{[146] [146]}

Finland and Estonia 芬兰和爱沙尼亚

In Finland Valentine's Day is called ystävänpäivä which translates into "Friend's Day".在芬兰，情人节被称为ystävänpäivä ，它被翻译成“朋友节”。 As the name indicates, this day is more about remembering friends, not significant others.顾名思义，这一天更多的是记住朋友，而不是重要的其他人。 In Estonia Valentine's Day is called sõbrapäev , which has the same meaning.在爱沙尼亚，情人节被称为sõbrapäev ，具有相同的含义。 ^{[147] [147]}

France 法国

In France, a traditionally Catholic country, Valentine's Day is known simply as " Saint Valentin ", and is celebrated in much the same way as other western countries.在法国，一个传统的天主教国家，情人节简称为“ 圣瓦伦丁 ”，与其他西方国家的庆祝方式大致相同。 ^[148] The relics of Saint Valentin de Terni, the patron of the St Valentine's day, are in the Catholic church of Saint-Jean-Baptiste and Saint-Jean-l'Evangéliste located in the southern France town of Roquemaure, Gard . ^[148]圣瓦伦丁时代的赞助人圣瓦伦丁德特尔尼的遗物位于法国南部城镇加尔马的Roquemaure的Saint-Jean-Baptiste天使教堂和Saint-Jean-l'Evangéliste。 The celebrations of “Fete des Amoureux” takes place every two years on the Sunday closest to 14th February. “Fete des Amoureux”的庆祝活动每两年举办一次，最接近2月14日。 The village gets dressed in its 19th-century costume and put on the program with over 800 people.这个村庄穿着19世纪的服装，并举办了超过800人的节目。

Greece 希腊

St. Valentine's Day, or Ημέρα του Αγίου Βαλεντίνου in Greek tradition was not associated with romantic love.圣瓦伦丁节，或希腊传统中的ΗμέρατουΑγίουΒαλεντίνου与浪漫的爱情无关。 In the Eastern Orthodox church there is another Saint who protects people who are in love, Hyacinth of Caesarea (feast day July 3), but this was not widely known until the late 1990s ^[149] In contemporary Greece, Valentine's Day is generally celebrated as in the common Western tradition.在东正教教堂，还有另一个圣徒，他们保护恋爱中的人， 凯撒利亚风信子 （7月3日的节日），但直到20世纪90年代后期才知道这一点^[149]在当代希腊，情人节通常被称为在共同的西方传统中。 ^{[150] [150]}

Portugal 葡萄牙

In Portugal , the holiday is known as "Dia dos Namorados" (Lover's Day / Day of the Enamoured).在葡萄牙 ，这个假期被称为“Dia dos Namorados”（爱人的情人节/日）。 As elsewhere, couples exchange gifts, but in some regions, women give a lenço de namorados ("lovers' handkerchief"), which is usually embroidered with love motifs.和其他地方一样，情侣们会交换礼物，但在某些地区，女性会赠送一种lenamo de namorados （“恋人的手帕”），通常绣有爱情图案。 ^{[151] [151]}

Romania 罗马尼亚

In recent years, Romania has also started celebrating Valentine's Day.近年来，罗马尼亚也开始庆祝情人节。 This has drawn backlash from several groups, institutions, ^[152] and nationalist organizations like Noua Dreaptǎ , who condemn Valentine's Day for being superficial, commercialist, and imported Western kitsch .这引起了几个团体，机构， ^[152]和NouaDreaptǎ等民族主义组织的强烈反对 ，他们谴责情人节是肤浅的，商业主义的 ，西方的进口俗气 。 In order to counter the perceived denaturation of national culture, Dragobete , a spring festival celebrated in parts of Southern Romania, has been rekindled after having been ignored during the Communist years as the traditional Romanian holiday for lovers.为了对抗民族文化的变性，在罗马尼亚南部部分地区庆祝的一个春节Dragobete在共产主义时期被忽视为罗马尼亚传统的恋人假期后被重新点燃。 The holiday is named after a character from Romanian folklore who was supposed to be the son of Baba Dochia .这个假期以罗马尼亚民间传说中的一个角色命名，该角色应该是巴巴多奇亚的儿子。 ^[153] Its date used to vary depending on the geographical area, however nowadays it is commonly observed on February 24. ^{[154] [153]}其日期根据地理区域而有所不同，但现时通常在2月24日观察到。 ^[154]

Scandinavia 斯堪的纳维亚

In Denmark and Norway , February 14 is known as Valentinsdag , and it is celebrated in much the same manner as in the United Kingdom.在丹麦和挪威 ，2月14日被称为Valentinsdag ，它的庆祝方式与英国的庆祝方式大致相同。 ^[155] In Sweden it is called Alla hjärtans dag ("All Hearts' Day") and is not widely celebrated. ^[155]在瑞典，它被称为Allahjärtansdag （“所有心脏日”），并没有广泛的庆祝。 A 2016 survey revealed that less than 50% of men and women were planning to buy presents for their partners. 2016年的一项调查显示，不到50％的男性和女性计划为其伴侣购买礼物。 ^[156] The holiday has only been observed since the 1960s. ^[156]这个假期自20世纪60年代以来才被观察到。 ^{[155] [155]}

Spain 西班牙

In Spain, Valentine's Day is known as " San Valentín " and is celebrated the same way as in the rest of the West.在西班牙，情人节被称为​​“ SanValentín ”，其庆祝方式与西方其他地区相同。

Valentine's Day in popular culture 流行文化中的情人节

Many films have been produced depicting various aspects of Valentine's Day, including A Charlie Brown Valentine (2002).制作了很多电影，描绘了情人节的各个方面，包括A Charlie Brown Valentine （2002）。

See also 也可以看看

• Dia dos Namorados Dia dos Namorados
• Sailor's valentine 水手的情人节
• Saint Valentine's Day Massacre 圣瓦伦丁节大屠杀
• Singles Awareness Day 单打意识日
• Steak and Blowjob Day 牛排和口交日
• Valentine's Day (2010 film) 情人节 （2010年电影）
• V-Day , the global movement to end violence against women and girls. V-Day ，结束对妇女和女童的暴力行为的全球运动。
• Women's Memorial March , held on Valentine's Day in Vancouver, British Columbia. 妇女的纪念三月 ，在不列颠哥伦比亚省温哥华的情人节举行。

References 参考

Informational notes 信息说明

Citations 引文